Contents
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3
2. Present-orientedness……………………………………………………………………..4
3. Future-orientedness……………………………………………………………………...5
4. Comparative analysis……………………………………………………………………6
5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..7
6. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………...8

Introduction
In this essay I would like to highlight the main issues concerning present and future-oriented people, how their life views differ; what are the main costs and benefits of being present or future-oriented. Moreover having analyzed the behavior of the two above mentioned types of personalities I have carried out my own research concerning costs and benefits of the future and present-orientedness in Russia, particularly in Moscow. And finally I would like to outline my own current preferences and views on this issue.

Present-orientedness
As the name implies, present-oriented people live for the moment. Everything they do is related to the present; they pay close attention to day-to-day activities. They know exactly what is going on in each aspect of their lives and they check regularly to maintain that information. They care about what happens this week more than what happened last month or what might happen next year. They have little interest in trying to create the future. Present-oriented people tend to be skillful at tracking progress. At work they are able to make accurate recommendations regarding immediate changes that need to be made to improve operations. As managers, they often ensure that things are being done the right way. Present-oriented people tend to be effective at the implementation of plans because of their scheduling skills.
Still it has some drawbacks. Sometimes present-orientedness is considered to be the characteristic of lower-class individuals and gives “rise to crime and delinquency, poverty and squalor, broken families and illegitimacy” . It can be possible explained in the following way - since the benefits of crime tend to be immediate and its costs (such as imprisonment or loss of reputa¬tion) in the future, the present-oriented individual is more dis-posed toward crime than others. To state more generally, present-orientedness contributes more to antisocial behavior.
Moreover, present-orientedness can jeopardize a person’s long-term prospects. People of this type of personality are less likely to invest in education; they value current benefits more than future. Often these people start their careers immediately after school and never graduate from universities.
Having calculated the benefits of being a present-oriented person in Moscow, a have come to the following result. The average monthly salary of a person who has no high education is approximately $ 500 , that is for about 13 500 rubles. I do not include the costs of transportation and lunches, because these will be the same for both present and future-oriented people. The average period of study at the university is about 5 years. So the benefits of pursuing a career after school amounts to 810 000 rubles or $ 30 000 or even more, because the salary of a person increases with time. As for the costs of the present-oriented person in money terms, they amount to lost opportunity costs of receiving higher salaries starting from the 6th or 7th year of work. And as time passes, these costs increase even more rapidly. This is especially true in Moscow today, when there is a lack of highly skilled and qualified labour at the market. So supply of labour with no higher education is higher than the demand. This is why the salaries of these people will never be the same as those with a higher education.

Future-orientedness
Future-oriented people are highly oriented toward the future. They think about the future most of the lime. They imagine themselves, their friends, and their communities in the future. They believe that the future is more important than the present. Almost everything they do is something that they believe will make them more successful in the future; prospects in the future are their main motivation. These are the types of people who have complex positive images of the future in their minds. Those images drive their day-to-day behavior.
Future-oriented people tend to be good at creating a vision; they usually have a detailed image of what the future can be. This vision drives their daily behavior and the behavior of the people they influence. They tend to pay attention to what is going on in the external environ¬ment and constantly assess their own position in contrast to that of others. What else is specific about people of this type of personality is that always looking ahead in the future, their skill levels would never stop them from making a change. And this is really important in the modern world. Moreover, present-oriented people tend to promote the general welfare, to create organizations to better society, or to cooperate in such a way as to improve living conditions.
In contrast to the present-oriented person, a future-oriented person is more likely to invest in education and almost in all cases graduates from a university before pursuing a career. I have analyzed the main costs and benefits of such a behavior and have come to the following conclusions. The average costs of a higher education includes the fees for the education itself, costs of books required for study and the lost opportunity costs of working and receiving salary. The average price of books required for education is for about 3000 rubles annually. In case of 5 years education it will amount to 15 000 rubles or $ 556. Higher education in Russia is in the majority of cases free. So 15 000 added to 960 000 rubles of the lost opportunity costs of working equals to 975 000 rubles or $ 36 000.
As for the IBS students, those who entered the university in 2006, the fees are 90 000 rubles annually. This amounts to 450 000 rubles or $ 16 700 for the period of five years. Added to the previously mentioned costs, the total costs for an IBS student will be 1 425 000 rubles or $ 52 830. This seems to be a large sum of money, but after graduating from the academy, the benefits will be obviously higher than those of a present-oriented person. The average salary of a person successfully graduated from the Plekhanov academy is $ 1300 . Assuming that the salaries of the IBS graduates may be higher and would increase with experience, I can conclude that the benefits of a higher education in money terms for the period of the following 3 years will be approximately 1 460 700 rubles. This means that the higher education will pay for itself within the 3 years. As for the period of 10 years, the benefits will amount to approximately 5 600 000 rubles or $ 207 640. Of course, all these calculations are pure theory, in reality this sum can be lower or higher, but I take the average figures.

Comparative analysis
Below is the table showing the costs (indicated by “-“) and benefits in money terms for a period of 15 years starting from graduation from school for a present-oriented person and a future-oriented person.
Table 1
5 years 15 years
Present-oriented person 810 000 rubles 3 800 000 rubles
Future-oriented person
(IBS student) -1 425 000 rubles 5 600 000 rubles

In fact I believe that the salary today of a person with a higher education will be even more, especially in Moscow at the time when there is not enough qualified labour. The salary of course depends on the industry the person is involved in and his own skills and ambition.
I consider myself a future-oriented person not only due to the fact that I have decided to continue my education and to enter a university, but also regarding my life views and attitudes. I think that future-oriented people are more reliable than present-oriented because they always consider the consequences of their actions and think about the future. This is why employers prefer to deal with future-oriented people and they are more likely to invest in their training.

Conclusion
Having analyzed the costs and benefits of a present and future oriented people I have come to a conclusion that despite all the positive personality traits of a present-oriented person it is more prospective to be a future-oriented person concerning the long-term thinking. It is always more beneficial to graduate a university and to think about the future that to start a career immediately after school. I also believe future-oriented people value the relationships between people more are basically more reliable. These are the main reasons why I would prefer to be a future-oriented person.

Bibliography
1. Bernard E. Harcourt “Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing”, Published by Harvard University Press, 2001
2. http://www.msou.ru
3. http://kadrovik-info.ru
4. “ECOLOG” Journal, August 2007, week 4 (#41)